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# Oxford Science Editing

Expert scientists. Better manuscripts. Greater confidence.

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://www.oxfordscience.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Why Professional Science Editing Strengthens Manuscripts and Supports Publication Success](https://www.oxfordscience.org/why-professional-science-editing-strengthens-manuscripts-and-supports-publication-success/) - For academics seeking publication in high-impact journals, professional proofreading by a science editor can provide significant advantages at every stage of the publication process. While researchers are experts in their respective fields, communicating complex scientific findings clearly and accurately requires a distinct set of editorial skills. A specialist science editor helps ensure that a manuscript
- [Back From the Brink: Should Science Halt Extinction?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/back-brink-science-halt-extinction/) - As we grapple daily with the consequences of climate change and exploding human populations, other animal species we share the planet with are about to go extinct. But, as reported last week in the journal Nature, science may be able to step in and halt the inexorable decline of critically endangered animals. Right now, there
- [Just Because We Can? The Chimera Question](https://www.oxfordscience.org/just-can-chimera-question/) - Without a doubt, the advent of gene editing through CRISPR technology is a scientific and ethical game changer. The potential now to 'edit' an embryo has created all sorts of questions that science and governments are grappling with. But another issue at the forefront now is whether we should edit the genes of another species
- [The Expanding OSE: Meet the new Managing Editor](https://www.oxfordscience.org/expanding-ose-meet-new-managing-editor/) - What do parasites, stone age sites, enzymes, obscure British islands and horse racing all have in common? They are what the new OSE Managing Editor, Dr James Allen loves to explore in his spare time. That is, when he’s not talking to his wife Kirsty about her work building the UK’s first quantum computer. Over
- [Is the UK childbirth policy dangerous?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/uk-childbirth-policy-dangerous/) - Imagine being asked to have a haemorrhoid removed without a local anesthetic. Or undergo laparoscopic gallbladder surgery while fully awake. Now imagine pushing a bowling ball out of your body through a hole the size of a golf ball. That’s childbirth. Millions of women do it every day without benefit of pain control or medical
- [Will We Conquer the Superbugs?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/will-conquer-superbugs/) - This week comes news of a new drug refined through a novel process of isolating and growing bacteria. The drug, called teixobactin, marks an entirely new class of antibiotics developed from a method called iChip, which may fundamentally change the way we discover new antimicrobials. The announcement has some scientists speculating that we could succeed in efforts to fight the emerging plague
- [A holiday appeal from all at OSE - support the AllTrials campaign](https://www.oxfordscience.org/holiday-appeal-ose-support-alltrials-campaign/) - As 2015 continues to rush by, we turn our minds away from our day-to-day activities and consider what small changes we can make in 2016 that will make the world just so slightly better. One of the most important campaigns that continued to gain pace in 2015 was AllTrials, established by the lovely people at Sense About Science, who aim to ‘equip people to make sense of scientific and medical claims in public discussion’.
- [Do You Really Know Where You've Come From?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/know-really-come/) - It’s common for most of us to know where our grandparents and great-grandparents were born and raised. But go back a few more generations and things get a bit murky. Less so in England, where detailed birth and death records have been kept for hundreds of years. But what about before we started obsessively keeping
- [Want to Work Smarter? Understand Your Circadian Rhythm](https://www.oxfordscience.org/want-work-smarter-understand-circadian-rhythm/) - What do we have in common with plants, fungi and cyanobacteria? The circadian rhythm, a built-in, 24 hour cycle that regulates our physiological functioning. Taken from the Latin circa meaning ‘around’ or ‘approximately’, and dies meaning ‘day’, all living things function under the influence of this internal clock. Though you may believe your circadian rhythm
- [The Dopamine Crash: How to avoid the post-holiday slump](https://www.oxfordscience.org/dopamine-crash-avoid-post-holiday-slump/) - The months leading up to the end of the year holidays can be euphoric, exhausting, exciting and then… dreadfully depressing. During the build-up, our physiology is in an increased state of arousal, whether we’re anxiously looking for an elusive parking space or elated when finding the perfect gift at 50% off. Neuroscience has known for
- [Looking for a Breakthrough? Embrace Boredom](https://www.oxfordscience.org/looking-breakthrough-embrace-boredom/) - Working tirelessly on a big project but feeling stuck and uninspired? Looking for your next big idea? You may think you should simply hunker down or continue analysing all the other big ideas out there on the World Wide Web. But what may really lead you to your next breakthrough... is a little boredom. We
- [Defending Your PhD: Learning to Shine](https://www.oxfordscience.org/defending-phd-learn-shine/) - Achieving a PhD is a tremendous accomplishment. Getting to that point can be slow-going, though hopefully it's been a rewarding process. But the build-up to defending your research to a committee of people who may know more than you do within your field of study can be painfully intimidating. It needn’t be. The most important thing
- [Fear Can be Contagious - How to Protect Yourself](https://www.oxfordscience.org/fear-can-contagious-protect/) - Having trouble coping with images of violence around the world but want to stay informed of the news? Try turning off the TV and getting your news from the radio instead. Fear doesn’t just happen to us when we personally experience something scary. Fear also affects us when we see it expressed in someone else.
- [How Science Can Reduce Violence](https://www.oxfordscience.org/science-can-reduce-violence/) - This week we’ve seen another spate of terrorist attacks on everyday people, starting in Beirut and ending in Paris. World leaders are reacting to the incidents with emotion, and talk is of fighting back, bombing, declaring war. However, before we set off on a path of mutual assured destruction, could science contribute to our efforts
- [Making Celebrities Out of Scientists](https://www.oxfordscience.org/making-celebrities-scientists/) - Fancy-dressed hopefuls glide down a red carpet, smile for the cameras, and wait nervously to present acceptance speeches in front of thousands of their peers and Hollywood glitterati. It’s not the Academy Awards, but if Yuri Milner, a Russian investor and theoretical physics dropout, has his way, The Breakthrough Prize will be watched by millions of people
- [Why Journals Reject Manuscripts](https://www.oxfordscience.org/journals-reject-manuscripts/) - This week, the Washington Post reported that a study highlighting the stunning rise in the death rate of middle-aged American whites was rejected by two prestigious journals before finally being published by The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study was conducted by Angus Deaton and Anne Case, both distinguished Princeton economists, and Dr
- [Why Translation and Editing Software is Bad for Your Reputation](https://www.oxfordscience.org/translation-editing-software-bad-reputation/) - You got that modest grant to carry out your research. You ran your study as frugally as possible and ate ramen noodles five nights a week. Now you’re tempted to run your data and text through inexpensive translation and grammar software before submitting for publication. Think again. Translation software is not savvy. Humans are. Even though
- [The Eccentric Asteroid Approaches](https://www.oxfordscience.org/eccentric-asteroid-approaches/) - Halloween might be a little scarier this year. NASA has discovered, just ten days ago, an asteroid that is due to pass by earth in the early morning hours of 31st October. Asteroid 2015 TB145 is currently hurtling through space at approximately 126,000 km/h. It will pass earth within 1.3 lunar distances, or 499,000 km. That
- [Is This the Future of Research Funding?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/future-research-funding/) - The never ending quest to obtain funding for scientific research just got more difficult for a lot of scientists. The U.S. National Institutes of Health is taking steps to radically change the way it funds cardiology studies, making the move to allocate money to fewer studies with a deeper reach. The agency is confronting the
- [Can we treat genetic diseases in utero?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/can-treat-genetic-diseases-utero/) - Now that screening for genetic disorders before birth has become not only possible but common, science is looking at how to target specific diseases in order to mitigate their effects…before a child is even born. This week researchers from the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden announced they will be coordinating the first ever comparison study of
- [5 Things You Might Not Know About Your DNA](https://www.oxfordscience.org/5-things-might-not-know-dna/) - Even at the sublimely beautiful molecular level, humans are far from perfect. Over decades of research it’s clear; our DNA molecules are inherently unstable. So how do we survive? The answer is DNA repair mechanisms within our cells, multitudes of them, which see to it that we make it to the end of the day,
- [Why the 2015 Nobel Prize for Medicine is Important](https://www.oxfordscience.org/2015-nobel-prize-medicine-important/) - Parasitic diseases rarely cause morbidity or mortality in countries north of the equator. But for the vast number of the world’s poorest people residing in tropical and subtropical areas of the planet, these diseases are enormous barriers to improvements in health and productivity. The Nobel committee this week awarded the prize in Physiology or Medicine
- [The Hidden World of Sand](https://www.oxfordscience.org/hidden-world-sand/) - Even if you lay your cheek upon the surface of a sun-baked beach, you're unlikely to see clearly the kaleidoscopic world beneath you. Gary Greenburg, a research affiliate at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, created a 3D high-definition light microscope in the 1990s, and he's been capturing fascinating sand close-ups since then. He's put out
- [Might we be Martians?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/might-martians/) - Watch out Mars, here we come. Maybe. Someday. NASA used to play down the notion that the arid, desolate landscape of Mars could ever possibly be home to future life. However, the recent announcement confirming the flow of liquid water on Mars is causing its planetary science division to reconsider. In a recent paper published
- [Get ready for the Super Blood Moon eclipse](https://www.oxfordscience.org/get-ready-super-blood-moon-eclipse/) - Want to see all the sunrises and sunsets in the world at one time reflected off the surface of the full moon? That's what we observe during a total lunar eclipse. Combine this with the moon passing closest to the earth during its monthly orbit, known as a supermoon, and you're in for a rare astronomical treat. If
- [Changing the Code: The advent of human genome editing](https://www.oxfordscience.org/changing-code-advent-human-genome-editing/) - In April this year, scientists led by Junjiu Huang, a gene-function researcher at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China, reported editing the human genome in the online journal Protein & Cell. It marked a controversial breakthrough in genetic biology and is being vigorously debated by the international community. "I believe this is the first report of CRISPR/Cas9
- [The most prevalent vertebrate on the planet is one you've never seen](https://www.oxfordscience.org/marine-biology-prevalent-vertebrate-planet-one-youve-never-seen/) - While land habitat makes up less than 1 percent of our biosphere, scientists put the ocean's share at more than 99 percent. So it's no surprise that new findings put the tiny bristlemouth, a fish living at the middle depths which glows in the dark and has needle-like fangs, as the most numerous vertebrate on
- [Returning plastic to oil](https://www.oxfordscience.org/returning-plastic-oil/) - Plastic may have been the wonder invention of the 20th century, but we all know its tenacious lifespan is causing havoc throughout the planet's ecosystems. It's estimated that only 8 percent of the world's plastic is currently recycled. Traditional plastic recycling is limited to certain types of plastic and often converted into new plastic-based products. However, an
- [New class of drugs to target cancer's metabolism](https://www.oxfordscience.org/new-class-drugs-target-cancers-metabolism/) - In research published in Cancer Cell, Thomas Burris, Ph.D., chair of pharmacology and physiology at Saint Louis University, has, for the first time, found a way to stop cancer cell growth by targeting the Warburg Effect, a trait of cancer cell metabolism that scientists have been eager to exploit. The Warburg effect is a cancer
- [Is This the End of Dengue Fever?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/end-dengue-fever/) - Dengue fever, an incurable viral disease spread by mosquitoes, may one day be a scourge of the past. The infection, also know as 'Breakbone Fever' because of its debilitating symptoms, is pandemic in much of the world, sickening over 300 million people each year and killing more than 22,000. It is a leading cause of hospitalization
- [Data Visualization: Turning Data Sets into Discoveries](https://www.oxfordscience.org/data-visualization-turning-data-sets-discoveries/) - Scientific discoveries often start with simple ideas. But when those ideas give rise to more and more questions, how can we better visualize a solution and a path to discovery? Data visualization uses visual tools, literally sketches and drawings, to explore complex ideas and turn them into a linear narrative. Giorgia Lupi the design director at
- [The Kinked Jet Stream](https://www.oxfordscience.org/kinked-jet-stream/) - It's been hotter in Alaska this year than some parts of Texas. Scientists are calling it the Land Surface Temperature Anomaly and it makes general climate patterns look upside down. The data, from NASA's 'Terra' satellite, shows red as above average temperatures for the region and blue as below average temperatures during the same eight-day
- [Startling Discoveries from Pluto's Moon](https://www.oxfordscience.org/startling-discoveries-putos-moon/) - It's taken more than nine years and three billion miles of space travel, but NASA released on Wednesday the first batch of mesmerizing close-up images of the icy mountains and geologically active moons of Pluto. "We have completed the initial reconnaissance of the solar system, " says S. Alan Stern, the principal investigator of
- [Image of the Week : Arctic Eclipse](https://www.oxfordscience.org/image-week-arctic-eclipse/) - Called "one of the astronomical highlights of the year," this photo of the moon's total eclipse of the sun in March earned the French photographer Luc Jamet the title of astrological photographer of the year, presented at the Royal Observatory Greenwich. To see all the compelling and luminous images which won distinction in this year's competition, follow this link. At Oxford
- [Featured Editor: Dr. Logan, Master of Suspense](https://www.oxfordscience.org/featured-editor-dr-logan-master-suspense/) - At Oxford Science Editing, we have a diverse and interesting team of editors, all with many talents beyond their scientific expertise. This week we feature Dr. Patrick Logan, MSc, PhD, who has been working with OSE for the past 2 years. He received his Master’s and PhD in Pathology in Canada and has edited over 1000 manuscripts
- [Game Changing Science](https://www.oxfordscience.org/game-changing-science/) - Imagine hyper-sonic travel, an asteroid defence system, extreme weather mitigation or a dive into the realm of dark matter. What science fiction does for our imagination, science is developing into potential true breakthroughs. Researchers at Lockheed Martin in Palo Alto, California, along with NASA and several universities including Imperial College London, have made breakthroughs in
- [Image of the Week: Wearable analytics](https://www.oxfordscience.org/image-week-wearable-analytics/) - Google's Life Sciences division announced that diabetes would be the first major disease target in their bid to bring new technology to the management of an increasingly common condition. With Google being a powerhouse for analytics, the company appears to be using their know-how to develop smarter ways to quantify disease progression. One of their developing
- [Want to get published? Shorten your title](https://www.oxfordscience.org/want-get-published-shorten-title/) - A recent study by The Royal Society's publishing division showed an association between paper citation and title length. The results of an analysis of over 20 000 papers over seven years showed that for each year papers with the shortest titles received the most citations. "These results are consistent with the intriguing hypothesis that papers
- [Image of the Week: Meet Carbon Nanofibres](https://www.oxfordscience.org/image-week-meet-carbon-nanofibers/) - Scientists may soon be able to pull some strings in the effort to slow climate change - literally. Researchers at George Washington University have sequestered CO2 from the atmosphere through a solar-powered process that turns the earth-heating gas into solid carbon nanofibres. Imagine then taking those nanofibres and creating construction material. This is an amazing example of turning the
- [Image of the Week](https://www.oxfordscience.org/image-week/) - This shot was composed by the duo Erica Simone and Jaci Berkopec. Titled "The Tree of Life," it evokes the countless branches of curiosity and exploration within us. At Oxford Science Editing we are interested in all areas of discovery and want to help you bring your findings to a wider audience. Visit us here. Happy weekend!
- [Top Tips for Writing Up Your Scientific Data: Mastering the Art](https://www.oxfordscience.org/top-tips-writing-scientific-data-mastering-art/) - Perhaps the most difficult part of the research process is writing up your data. Journals and other scientists want to know the question being asked, understand your reproducible methodology, and be intrigued by the conclusions you came to and how they might affect your field of interest. Scientific data is driven by charts, graphs and images. Bringing
- [2022 Olympics in China](https://www.oxfordscience.org/2022-olympics-china/) - Congratulations to our friends and colleagues in China. Beijing has won its bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics. This makes Beijing the first city in history to host both the summer and winter Olympics. The team advocating for the Chinese capital says that it hopes the winter games will spur greater interest in snow
- [Hairy Ice Explained](https://www.oxfordscience.org/hairy-ice-explained/) - It sprouts on dead wood at night in northern latitudes and disappears when the sun rises. Its micro-thin fibers look like the curls on a baby's head. What scientists have called "one of the most exciting types of ice," hair ice has now been replicated in the lab with the help of a certain fungus
- [Images of the Week](https://www.oxfordscience.org/images-week-2/) - From our planet to planets far away, images connect us to the world we know and inspire questions for which we still don't have answers. For help with your questions, contact us here.
- [Images of the Week](https://www.oxfordscience.org/images-week/) - Click here for some of the most compelling images from the world of science and technology this week.
- [OSE has the loveliest editors.](https://www.oxfordscience.org/oxford-science-edits-good-work-best-editors/) - At Oxford Science Editing, we only recruit editors with PhD qualifications or medical degrees, and substantial subsequent experience in their respective fields. Our experience over the last decade is that editors can be trained, but what sets our edits apart from other language optimisation companies is the invaluable insights into authors' work that laboratory or
- [Finding editorial expertise at Oxford Science Editing](https://www.oxfordscience.org/browse-editorial-expertise-oxford-science-editing/) - It’s been a busy couple of months here at OSE with the start of the new academic year and the continued development of our new website. The final touches are now being made to the latter, and we have been proudly adding the details of our new editors to the site: http://oxfordscience.wpengine.com/our-editors/. Oxford Science Editing
- [Why edit a scientific manuscript?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/edit-scientific-manuscript/) - ...for many reasons, which we will detail over posts to follow. However, sharp-eyed OSE editor, Dr James Allen, picked up a blog post about a particularly awkward editorial slip in this week’s Slate blog: http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/11/11/_crappy_gabor_paper_overly_honest_citation_slips_into_peer_reviewed_journal.html. Once identified by Retraction Watch, the paper was pulled from the online edition of the journal Ethology, and is being
- [Welcome to the OSE blog](https://www.oxfordscience.org/welcome-ose-blog/) - It is over 5 years since Oxford Science Editing was conceived in rather humble surroundings by one editor who was tired of watching large companies maximise profits at the expense of the authors and editors. OSE has now grown into a large company itself, but those who work here have never lost the original underpinning
- [Why edit a scientific manuscript?](https://www.oxfordscience.org/edit-scientific-manuscript/) - ...for many reasons, which we will detail over posts to follow. However, sharp-eyed OSE editor, Dr James Allen, picked up a blog post about a particularly awkward editorial slip in this week’s Slate blog: http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/11/11/_crappy_gabor_paper_overly_honest_citation_slips_into_peer_reviewed_journal.html. Once identified by Retraction Watch, the paper was pulled from the online edition of the journal Ethology, and is being
- [Finding editorial expertise at Oxford Science Editing](https://www.oxfordscience.org/browse-editorial-expertise-oxford-science-editing/) - It’s been a busy couple of months here at OSE with the start of the new academic year and the continued development of our new website. The final touches are now being made to the latter, and we have been proudly adding the details of our new editors to the site: http://oxfordscience.wpengine.com/our-editors/. Oxford Science Editing
- [Welcome to the OSE blog](https://www.oxfordscience.org/welcome-ose-blog/) - It is over 5 years since Oxford Science Editing was conceived in rather humble surroundings by one editor who was tired of watching large companies maximise profits at the expense of the authors and editors. OSE has now grown into a large company itself, but those who work here have never lost the original underpinning

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- [Services](https://www.oxfordscience.org/services/) - - Comprehensive editing and writing services for scientists and doctors. Over 95% of authors who work with us return with subsequent papers.
- [Services](https://www.oxfordscience.org/services/) - - Comprehensive editing and writing services for scientists and doctors. Over 95% of authors who work with us return with subsequent papers.
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- [Social Sciences](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/social-sciences/) - We have a range of talented editors with backgrounds that cover the diverse fields of psychology, political sciences, health economics and geography, amongst others. Please see our editor pages for more information.
- [Social Sciences](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/social-sciences/) - We have a range of talented editors with backgrounds that cover the diverse fields of psychology, political sciences, health economics and geography, amongst others. Please see our editor pages for more information.
- [Social Sciences](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/social-sciences/) - We have a range of talented editors with backgrounds that cover the diverse fields of psychology, political sciences, health economics and geography, amongst others. Please see our editor pages for more information.
- [Plant Sciences](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/plant-sciences/) - Our plant scientist editors all work in major SCI journals alongside their freelance work. Their experience is an invaluable resource.
- [Plant Sciences](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/plant-sciences/) - Our plant scientist editors all work in major SCI journals alongside their freelance work. Their experience is an invaluable resource.
- [Plant Sciences](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/plant-sciences/) - Our plant scientist editors all work in major SCI journals alongside their freelance work. Their experience is an invaluable resource.
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- [Physical Sciences](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/physical-sciences/) - Whether you work in environmental sciences, nanotechnology, chemistry or astronomy, we have an experienced editor to help you develop your ideas. Many of our editors have related biotechnology experience.
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- [Life Sciences](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/life-sciences/) - Our life sciences editors have been educated at the top universities in the world, and many have professorial or postdoctoral lab-based experience. They will provide you with the most excellent support. We have particular strengths in cancer research, genetics and microbiology.
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- [식물과학](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/plant-sciences/) - 이 분야 편집자들은 대부분 SCI급 저명한 저널의 일을 하면서, 프리랜서로 여러분들의 교정작업을 도와드리고 있으므로, 이들의 경험은 여러분들의 논문 교정에 있어 귀중한 자원이 될 수 있을것입니다.
- [자연과학](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/physical-sciences/) - 환경 과학 • 나노 기술 • 화학 • 천문학 분야에 정통한 편집자들이 여러분들의 아이디어가 좋은논문으로 발표될 수 있도록 도와드리고 있습니다. 특히, 바이오테크놀로지 분야 관련 경험이 풍부한 편집인들이 많이 재직하고 있습니다.
- [사회과학](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/social-sciences/) - 심리학 • 정치학 • 의료 경제학 • 지리학 등 다양한 배경을 가진 우수한 편집자가 재직하고 있습니다. 보다 자세한 내용은 교정 페이지를 참조하시기 바랍니다.
- [의학](https://www.oxfordscience.org/subject-area/medicine/) - 임상의사로서의 경험을 가지고 그 경험을 활용하여 의학 전문의로서 교정 업무를 진행하는 많은편집자들이 있으며, 의학 논문 특유의 표현을 제대로 이해하고 새로운 연구가 세상에 보다 많이 출판될 수 있도록 열정적으로 도와드리고 있습니다.
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## Testimonials

- [Dr Z Al-Anoud](https://www.oxfordscience.org/testimonial/testimonial/) - I only want to say a big thank you for all your help on my manuscript. I really appreciate your kind cooperation in this matter, and there are no words that can truly express my thanks. Dr Bülent Cengiz
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## Authors

- [Dr Natalie Morris](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-natalie-morris/) - Dr Natalie Morris earned a first class degree in Physiological Sciences at Oxford University, and completed her medical studies as a Clinical Scholar at the same university. She worked as a surgeon for 5 years in the National Health Service, and was awarded Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (England). She has subsequently completed
- [Dr Natalie Morris](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-natalie-morris/) - Dr Natalie Morris earned a first class degree in Physiological Sciences at Oxford University, and completed her medical studies as a Clinical Scholar at the same university. She worked as a surgeon for 5 years in the National Health Service, and was awarded Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (England). She has subsequently completed
- [Dr Natalie Morris](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-natalie-morris/) - Dr Natalie Morris earned a first class degree in Physiological Sciences at Oxford University, and completed her medical studies as a Clinical Scholar at the same university. She worked as a surgeon for 5 years in the National Health Service, and was awarded Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (England). She has subsequently completed
- [Dr Shailesh Jain](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/shailesh-jain/) - Dr Shailesh Jain received his doctoral degree in Molecular Microbiology from the Ulster University, Northern Ireland. After pursuing postdoctoral research for a year at the University of Manchester, UK, Shailesh started his career in the publishing industry. He has published five academic research manuscripts for peer-reviewed journals and has presented at several prestigious conferences. He
- [Dr Paz Etcheverry](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-paz-etcheverry/) - Dr Paz Etcheverry obtained her MS in Food Science and Nutrition from North Carolina State University and her PhD in Food Science and Technology from Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. When she was a postdoctoral associate at Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX), she focused her research efforts on mineral nutrition, especially on iron bioavailability
- [Dr Paz Etcheverry](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-paz-etcheverry/) - Dr Paz Etcheverry obtained her MS in Food Science and Nutrition from North Carolina State University and her PhD in Food Science and Technology from Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. When she was a postdoctoral associate at Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX), she focused her research efforts on mineral nutrition, especially on iron bioavailability
- [Dr Paz Etcheverry](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-paz-etcheverry/) - Dr Paz Etcheverry obtained her MS in Food Science and Nutrition from North Carolina State University and her PhD in Food Science and Technology from Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. When she was a postdoctoral associate at Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX), she focused her research efforts on mineral nutrition, especially on iron bioavailability
- [Shalmali Karmarkar](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/shalmali-karmarkar/) - Shalmali Karmarkar (MSc, ELS) completed her Masters in Science (Life Sciences and Biotechnology) from Mumbai University, India. Since 2008, she has been editing academic and medical manuscripts for authors whose first language is not English. In 2015, she was certified as an Editor in Life Sciences by the Board of Editors in the Life Sciences
- [Dr Philippa Cranwell](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-philippa-cranwell/) - Philippa gained an MChem in chemistry from the University of Southampton, then a PhD in organic chemistry from the University of Cambridge. After completing her PhD, she moved to ETH Zurich for postdoctoral studies working with Professor Erick Carreira. She returned to the UK to an academic position at the University of Reading. In 2022
- [Dr Kevin J. Flannelly](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-kevin-j-flannelly/) - Dr Kevin J. Flannelly received his MS in Psychology (specialty: Psychobiology) from Rutgers University and his PhD in Psychology (specialty: Comparative/Physiological Psychobiology) from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He has published over 150 peer-reviewed articles in 60 different journals in medicine, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and other social science and healthcare fields. His published
- [Dr Kevin J. Flannelly](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-kevin-j-flannelly/) - Dr Kevin J. Flannelly received his MS in Psychology (specialty: Psychobiology) from Rutgers University and his PhD in Psychology (specialty: Comparative/Physiological Psychobiology) from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He has published over 150 peer-reviewed articles in 60 different journals in medicine, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and other social science and healthcare fields. His published
- [Dr Kevin J. Flannelly](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-kevin-j-flannelly/) - Dr Kevin J. Flannelly received his MS in Psychology (specialty: Psychobiology) from Rutgers University and his PhD in Psychology (specialty: Comparative/Physiological Psychobiology) from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He has published over 150 peer-reviewed articles in 60 different journals in medicine, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and other social science and healthcare fields. His published
- [Dr Kevin J. Flannelly](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-kevin-j-flannelly/) - Dr Kevin J. Flannelly received his MS in Psychology (specialty: Psychobiology) from Rutgers University and his PhD in Psychology (specialty: Comparative/Physiological Psychobiology) from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He has published over 150 peer-reviewed articles in 60 different journals in medicine, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and other social science and healthcare fields. His published
- [Dr Christine Knight](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-christine-knight/) - Dr Christine Knight has worked as a freelance editor since 2019 and with Oxford Science Editing since 2021, following an academic career at the University of Edinburgh (2008–17). She holds a BA (Hons 1st class) in English from the University of Adelaide, Australia, and completed her PhD in the Human Nutrition Division of CSIRO, Australia’s
- [Hemangi Palav](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/hemangi-palav/) - Hemangi is a BELS-certified editor with over 13 years of experience in scientific editing. She earned a BTech degree in Biotechnology in 2008. As a scientific editor, she have extensively worked with authors whose first language is not English. Her areas of expertise include Pharmaceutical Sciences & Toxicology, Anaesthesiology/Pain Medicine, Oncology, Public Health & Epidemiology,
- [Andrew Apudo](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/andrew-apudo/) - Andrew Apudo is a full-time Life Science Editor with publishing experience. Andrew obtained his first degree, BSc in Plant Ecology and Environmental Science, from Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, and afterwards, an MSc in Botany, from the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, where he investigated the physiological mechanisms of adaptation of
- [Joyce Fernandez](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/joyce-fernandez/) - Joyce Fernandez is an accomplished academic editor, having edited thousands of academic documents authored by researchers from around the world. She has a Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering) degree, and she worked for more than 9 years as an academic editor at one of the world’s leading providers of editing and other academic services. There,
- [Dr Urvi Sheth](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-urvi-sheth/) - Dr Urvi Sheth obtained her Bachelor of Dental Surgery degree from India. After practicing as a dentist for 5 years, Urvi started her career in the publishing industry. She has 13+ years of experience in academic editing and has helped several authors publish their papers in reputed scientific journals. She currently works as a full-time
- [Dr Richa Joag](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-richa-joag/) - Dr Richa Joag earned her BSc degree in Life Sciences from the University of Mumbai, India, and MSc degree in Zoology from the University of Pune, India. She received her doctoral degree in biology through an international PhD program at the Jagiellonian University in Poland and Exeter University in the UK. Her PhD focused on
- [Dr Philip Miller](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-philip-miller/) - Philip Miller, PhD, holds an undergraduate degree in Biochemistry from Florida State University (2008) and a graduate degree in Cancer Biology from the University of Miami (2014), with a specialization in breast cancer. Over the past decade, Dr. Miller has dedicated his professional efforts to breast cancer research, and he currently serves as an Assistant
- [Dr Pauline Addis](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/pauline-addis/) - Dr Pauline Addis loves good science and good science communication. She obtained her BSc (Hons) from Imperial in 2003 and her MSc from Hartpury University in 2007, for which she was awarded the Dodson & Horrell trophy for top student. She then undertook her PhD at Newcastle University in equine biomechanics, investigating how changing mechanical
- [Leona Rodrigues](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/leona-rodrigues/) - Leona has been working in the academic editing and publishing industry for over 15 years. She has helped over 500 ESL researchers/authors achieve their dream of getting published in reputed academic journals. She has a deep understanding of the expectations and standards of prominent publication houses (Elsevier, Nature, BMJ etc.) in academic research. She is
- [Dr Laura Flannelly](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-laura-flannelly/) - Dr Laura Flannelly received her BSN from Hunter College-Bellevue School of Nursing, and her MS in Community Mental Health Nursing and PhD in Educational Psychology from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Laura was a faculty member of the University of Hawaii’s Department of Nursing for 15 years and has worked in clinical settings in
- [Dr Jay Freeman](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-jay-freeman/) - Dr Jay Freeman obtained his BSc in Chemistry from York University and his MSc in Advanced Organic Chemistry from the University of East Anglia (UEA). His PhD research on the synthesis of derivatized amino acids and their use in the self-assembly of supramolecular transition-metal structures was conducted at UEA and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- [Dr Nisha Devi](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-nisha-devi/) - Dr Nisha Saroj Devi obtained her PhD in medicinal chemistry and drug design from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai. Her doctoral work focused on the design of multi-target drugs acting on the inflammatory pathway. She has published four research manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals and has presented her work at international conferences. She began
- [Helen Robinson](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/helen-robinson/) - Helen Robinson qualified as an occupational therapist at Brunel University in London and practised for almost 30 years in diverse settings ranging from central London to rural South Africa. She obtained a Master of Public Health degree from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in 2011. She regularly applies critical assessment and reporting skills as
- [Dr Dean Rea](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-dean-rea-2/) - Dr Dean Rea obtained a BSc in Biochemistry from the University of East Anglia. This included an intercalated year conducting synthetic organic chemistry research within the Medicinal Chemistry Department at GlaxoSmithKline. This was followed by a PhD in Structural Biology within the School of Life Sciences at the University of Warwick, focusing on structure-function relationships
- [Dr Dean Rea](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-dean-rea-2/) - Dr Dean Rea obtained a BSc in Biochemistry from the University of East Anglia. This included an intercalated year conducting synthetic organic chemistry research within the Medicinal Chemistry Department at GlaxoSmithKline. This was followed by a PhD in Structural Biology within the School of Life Sciences at the University of Warwick, focusing on structure-function relationships
- [Dr Dean Rea](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-dean-rea-2/) - Dr Dean Rea obtained a BSc in Biochemistry from the University of East Anglia. This included an intercalated year conducting synthetic organic chemistry research within the Medicinal Chemistry Department at GlaxoSmithKline. This was followed by a PhD in Structural Biology within the School of Life Sciences at the University of Warwick, focusing on structure-function relationships
- [Dr Dean Rea](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-dean-rea-2/) - Dr Dean Rea obtained a BSc in Biochemistry from the University of East Anglia. This included an intercalated year conducting synthetic organic chemistry research within the Medicinal Chemistry Department at GlaxoSmithKline. This was followed by a PhD in Structural Biology within the School of Life Sciences at the University of Warwick, focusing on structure-function relationships
- [Dr Arshad Makhdum](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-arshad-makhdum/) - Dr Arshad Makhdum obtained an undergraduate degree in Applied Chemistry from the University of Greenwich. He went on to earn an MSc and PhD in clinical pharmacology from University College London (UCL). Postdoctoral studies in allergic disease took him to the position of Senior Research Fellow at UCL. Then, he was recruited to the Scripps
- [Dr Arshad Makhdum](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-arshad-makhdum/) - Dr Arshad Makhdum obtained an undergraduate degree in Applied Chemistry from the University of Greenwich. He went on to earn an MSc and PhD in clinical pharmacology from University College London (UCL). Postdoctoral studies in allergic disease took him to the position of Senior Research Fellow at UCL. Then, he was recruited to the Scripps
- [Dr Arshad Makhdum](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-arshad-makhdum/) - Dr Arshad Makhdum obtained an undergraduate degree in Applied Chemistry from the University of Greenwich. He went on to earn an MSc and PhD in clinical pharmacology from University College London (UCL). Postdoctoral studies in allergic disease took him to the position of Senior Research Fellow at UCL. Then, he was recruited to the Scripps
- [Dr Aditi Gandopadhyay](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-aditi-gandopadhyay/) - Dr. Gangopadhyay is a computational structural biologist who obtained her MSc with distinction in Molecular Biology and Genetics from Presidency College, Kolkata. She completed her PhD in bioinformatics ofrom the University of Calcutta. She completed her postdoctoral studies on the identification of serotype-specific hits against dengue by drug repurposing, from the University of Calcutta. Her
- [Freya O'Connell](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/freya-oconnell/) - Freya obtained her BSc in Plant Biology from the University of St Andrews then went on to complete a Masters in Plant Taxonomy and Biodiversity at the University of Edinburgh, in conjunction with the world-renowned Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, where her research project focused on the development of illustrated field identification keys. Freya has 20
- [Anusha Hariharan Iyer](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/anusha-hariharan-iyer/) - Anusha Hariharan Iyer completed her MSc from the University of Mumbai, India, where she worked on the genetic transformation of carrots. Since 2010, she has been working as an editor for authors whose first language is not English. In 2012, she received her certification from the Board of Editors in the Life Sciences (BELS). Her
- [Dr Ashley Rivenbark](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-ashley-rivenbark/) - Dr. Ashley Rivenbark earned a B.S. in Biological Sciences with double minors in Genetics and Botany from North Carolina State University in Raleigh, and then earned a PhD in Toxicology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine studying breast cancer epigenetics. After obtaining her PhD, she further completed a postdoctoral fellowship at UNC
- [Dr Ashley Rivenbark](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-ashley-rivenbark/) - Dr. Ashley Rivenbark earned a B.S. in Biological Sciences with double minors in Genetics and Botany from North Carolina State University in Raleigh, and then earned a PhD in Toxicology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine studying breast cancer epigenetics. After obtaining her PhD, she further completed a postdoctoral fellowship at UNC
- [Dr Kevin J. Flannelly, PhD, MS](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-kevin-j-flannelly/) - Le Dr Kevin J. Flannelly a obtenu sa maîtrise en psychologie de l'Université Rutgers et son doctorat en psychologie de l'Université d'Hawaï. Il a publié plus de 150 articles évalués par des pairs dans 60 revues différentes en médecine, neurosciences, psychiatrie, psychologie et autres domaines des sciences sociales et de la santé. Ses études psychologiques
- [Dr Radhika Desikan](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/radhika-desikan/) - Radhika has a PhD in plant science from University of the West of England, Bristol, and was an academic for several years. She taught plant science at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Her research interest was in understanding how plants tolerate abiotic and biotic stresses, and to investigate this at a cellular level. Her area of
- [Dr James Allen](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-james-allen/) - Dr James Allen is an experienced biochemist who headed a research group in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK, from 2006–2011. His research spanned mitochondria, biophysics, enzymology, parasitology, microbiology, bioinorganic chemistry, bioenergetics, evolution, structural biology and cell biology. Dr Allen has published over 40 papers in international journals, most as a principal author,
- [Dr James Allen](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-james-allen/) - Dr James Allen is an experienced biochemist who headed a research group in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK, from 2006–2011. His research spanned mitochondria, biophysics, enzymology, parasitology, microbiology, bioinorganic chemistry, bioenergetics, evolution, structural biology and cell biology. Dr Allen has published over 40 papers in international journals, most as a principal author,
- [Dr James Allen](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-james-allen/) - Dr James Allen is an experienced biochemist who headed a research group in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK, from 2006–2011. His research spanned mitochondria, biophysics, enzymology, parasitology, microbiology, bioinorganic chemistry, bioenergetics, evolution, structural biology and cell biology. Dr Allen has published over 40 papers in international journals, most as a principal author,
- [Dr James Allen](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-james-allen/) - Dr James Allen is an experienced biochemist who headed a research group in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK, from 2006–2011. His research spanned mitochondria, biophysics, enzymology, parasitology, microbiology, bioinorganic chemistry, bioenergetics, evolution, structural biology and cell biology. Dr Allen has published over 40 papers in international journals, most as a principal author,
- [Dr Jenny Cattermole](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-jenny-cattermole/?lang=ko) - Dr Jenny Cattermole obtained her first degree in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University, and a PhD in Immunochemistry from the University of Southampton, where she worked on human B lymphocyte development at the Tenovus Cancer Research Laboratory. She went on to gain a further 9 years of postdoctoral research experience in Immunology and Molecular Biology,
- [Dr Jenny Cattermole](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-jenny-cattermole/?lang=es) - Dr Jenny Cattermole obtained her first degree in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University, and a PhD in Immunochemistry from the University of Southampton, where she worked on human B lymphocyte development at the Tenovus Cancer Research Laboratory. She went on to gain a further 9 years of postdoctoral research experience in Immunology and Molecular Biology,
- [Dr Jenny Cattermole](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-jenny-cattermole/?lang=ja) - Dr Jenny Cattermole obtained her first degree in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University, and a PhD in Immunochemistry from the University of Southampton, where she worked on human B lymphocyte development at the Tenovus Cancer Research Laboratory. She went on to gain a further 9 years of postdoctoral research experience in Immunology and Molecular Biology,
- [Dr Cheryl Rahman](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-cheryl-rahman/?lang=ko) - Cheryl is now a freelance editor with considerable expertise in editing manuscripts, particularly for non-native English speakers.
- [Dr Cheryl Rahman](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-cheryl-rahman/?lang=es) - Cheryl is now a freelance editor with considerable expertise in editing manuscripts, particularly for non-native English speakers.
- [Dr Cheryl Rahman](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-cheryl-rahman/?lang=ja) - Cheryl is now a freelance editor with considerable expertise in editing manuscripts, particularly for non-native English speakers.
- [Dr Carol Wilson](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-carol-wilson/?lang=ko) - Dr Carol J Wilson has a bachelors degree in Biochemistry from the University of Bristol and a PhD in Molecular Biology from the University of Edinburgh. After completing a PhD, Carol worked as a Technical Editor for the European Respiratory Journal for 5 years. She then worked for the Nature Publishing Group in London, initially
- [Dr Carol Wilson](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-carol-wilson/?lang=es) - Dr Carol J Wilson has a bachelors degree in Biochemistry from the University of Bristol and a PhD in Molecular Biology from the University of Edinburgh. After completing a PhD, Carol worked as a Technical Editor for the European Respiratory Journal for 5 years. She then worked for the Nature Publishing Group in London, initially
- [Dr Carol Wilson](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-carol-wilson/?lang=ja) - Dr Carol J Wilson has a bachelors degree in Biochemistry from the University of Bristol and a PhD in Molecular Biology from the University of Edinburgh. After completing a PhD, Carol worked as a Technical Editor for the European Respiratory Journal for 5 years. She then worked for the Nature Publishing Group in London, initially
- [Dr Karen Bysouth](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-karen-bysouth/?lang=ja) - Dr Karen Bysouth obtained her first degree in biochemistry from the University of Sheffield and a PhD in immunology from Cambridge University, following research into approaches to immunomodulation in type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Karen has gained over 20 years of experience working as a research scientist for a major pharmaceutical company, during which she
- [Dr Shalaka Talpade](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-shalaka-talpade/) - Dr Shalaka Talpade completed her MBBS from the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences. Her particular clinical interest was rural health. She has participated in medical camps and government health initiatives for gynaecologic and obstetric health, infectious disease management, malaria and dengue prevention, flood relief and various immunization programs, especially polio prevention. She has been editing
- [Dr Shalaka Talpade](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-shalaka-talpade/) - Dr Shalaka Talpade completed her MBBS from the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences. Her particular clinical interest was rural health. She has participated in medical camps and government health initiatives for gynaecologic and obstetric health, infectious disease management, malaria and dengue prevention, flood relief and various immunization programs, especially polio prevention. She has been editing
- [Dr Shalaka Talpade](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-shalaka-talpade/) - Dr Shalaka Talpade completed her MBBS from the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences. Her particular clinical interest was rural health. She has participated in medical camps and government health initiatives for gynaecologic and obstetric health, infectious disease management, malaria and dengue prevention, flood relief and various immunization programs, especially polio prevention. She has been editing
- [Dr Karen Bysouth](https://www.oxfordscience.org/authors/dr-karen-bysouth/?lang=es) - Dr Karen Bysouth obtained her first degree in biochemistry from the University of Sheffield and a PhD in immunology from Cambridge University, following research into approaches to immunomodulation in type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Karen has gained over 20 years of experience working as a research scientist for a major pharmaceutical company, during which she

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